Worcester Cathedral Library and Archive

Book of the Week (27th February 2012)

2012-02-28T09:09:00.000Z

Selenographia, sive Lunae Descriptio by Johannes Hevelius (1647)

Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687) wasa German-Polish brewer, town councillor and astronomer. Although he played a leading role in thegovernment of Danzig throughout his working life, Hevelius loved to study thenight sky. He built his own observatoryand acquired the very best astronomical instruments. Between 1641 and 1647 he charted thetopography of the moon’s surface, publishing the results in his Selenographia of 1647. His engravings were so detailed and accuratethat it was over 200 years before the next significant development in lunarmapping occurred when, during the ‘Space Race’, US and Soviet agencies vied to bethe first to glimpse the far side of the moon. Hevelius went on to discover four comets, and write further treatises onstars and the movement of heavenly bodies. In 1679 his observatory was destroyed by fire, and he lost his preciousnotes and instruments. The astronomernever fully recovered from the shock; although he rebuilt the observatory andrefurnished it, he did not live to see the publication of his completecelestial map in 1690.

The Cathedral Library has asplendid edition of Hevelius’s Selenographia,printed in Danzig in the mid-seventeenth century. Its frontispiece shows the figure of‘Contemplatio’ holding a telescope. Thesun appears to her right and the moon to her left.

Inside the book there areengravings of Hevelius’s instruments, including this one of the telescope onthe roof of his observatory.

The detail in the map of thelunar surface is outstanding for its time. In addition to his topographical studies, Hevelius also charted thephases of the moon.

King John and Worcester

2012-02-14T15:50:00.002Z

Worcester Cathedral has two royaltombs. One belongs to Prince Arthur (HenryVIII’s older brother and first husband of Katherine of Aragon), and the otherto King John. John’s rise and falloccupies a prominent place in English medieval history. When he inherited the crown from hisillustrious brother, Richard the Lionheart, in 1199 he succeeded to the kingdomof England, the lordship of Ireland, the dukedoms of Normandy and Aquitaine,and the county of Anjou. However, by thetime of his death in 1216 John had lost most of his French territories and the loyaltyof his leading barons. Today he is bestremembered for signing the Magna Carta, a ‘Charter of Liberties’ drawn up by thebarons to limit the authority of the monarch.

King John's tomb in the chancel of Worcester Cathedral

Less well-known is John’sconnection to Worcester. The Cathedral Libraryholds some fascinating documents and artefacts relating to the king, includinghis will, his thumb bone and a fragment from his burial clothes. John was a frequent visitor to the town. He is known to have stayed here on at leastnine occasions, both as an envoy of his brother and also as king. Worcester was an important garrison town inthe Middle Ages, close to the border with Wales. Indeed, two of John’s visits (in 1189 and1209) involved negotiations with Welsh noblemen. Although we only have records of the visitshe made for political purposes, we know that the king had a special affectionfor the area. The royal forests of Kinverand Feckenham were among his favourite hunting grounds, and he chose to spendthe Christmases of 1207 and 1214 at Worcester. John was also attracted by the shrines of the Anglo-Saxon Saints Oswaldand Wulfstan, the latter of whom was canonized during the king’s reign. In his will John requested to be buriedbetween the shrines, even though Worcester had formally declared for the baronsagainst the king.

King John’s will is thought to bethe earliest surviving copy of a royal will in England. Although small, it is one of the treasures ofthe Cathedral archive. Among thesignatories were some of his most loyal and trusted friends. They included William Marshal, Earl ofPembroke and William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby.

John's will

Alongside this document we also haverelics taken from the King’s tomb during an antiquarian study in 1797. One of these is a thumb bone. Could it have come from the hand which signed the Magna Carta? At the same time the bone was removed workmenrecovered fragments of cloth believed to be part of the King’s shroud and hose. So next time you see John appearing in ‘RobinHood: Men in Tights’, remember that the originals can be found here inWorcester Cathedral Library!

The thumb bone taken from John's tomb

‘Worcester Never Looked Better’: Cathedral and Town in the Nineteenth Century

2012-01-26T14:25:00.000Z

Thanks to the efforts of numerous people the Library’s first major exhibition of the year is up and running in the Cathedral. We’ve had great fun plundering the Victorian archives for stories and pictures, and have turned up some real gems along the way. Did you know that Canon Melville was a graceful ice skater, or that the Cathedral helped finance a floating chapel on the River Severn?

For those of you unable to get to Worcester to see the exhibition in person we have uploaded some images in order for you to get a flavour of what is on offer. The Victorians were enthusiastic preservers of our ecclesiastical heritage, and during the nineteenth century every medieval cathedral in England was repaired or restored in some way. More money was spent at Worcester than anywhere else, which is not surprising given the very dim view of the building held by commentators at the time. One journalist wrote that no other Cathedral presented ‘so little to admire, and so much to deplore’.

The Restoration of the Tower

The restoration led to something of a renaissance in other areas of Cathedral life. It acquired some greatly respected clergy in the second half of the nineteenth century, including Mandell Creighton who later became bishop of London. One of the lay clerks wrote some extraordinary reminiscences of the Victorian clergy, including a description of Canon Fortescue’s appalling dress sense. Fortescue’s oversized black gloves and starchy collars were a favourite of the choristers during his time here. Of course, music played an extremely important part in the life of the Cathedral, from its involvement in the Three Choirs Festival to its acquisition of a daring new piece of technology – an electric organ! One of the most interesting pictures on show is of the enormous ‘Patent Kinetic Blower’ used to drive the organ’s motors.

During the nineteenth century, the idea of visiting a cathedral as a tourist or day-tripper really took off. The Tower visitor book of 1890 reveals that the future Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, was one of the first to brave the heights in that year. Victorian Worcester had its fair share of notable people, including the founder of the British Medical Association, Charles Hastings, and the authoresses Mary Martha Sherwood and Mrs Henry Wood. It’s been great fun and extremely rewarding doing the research for this exhibition; we hope you can get along to enjoy it too!

‘Worcester Never Looked Better’ will run until the 10^th February in the Dean’s Chapel.

The First Post of 2012

2012-01-13T16:05:00.000Z

A happy new year to you all from Worcester Cathedral Library! The first two weeks of the year have proved especially hectic, so I have been unable to update the blog until now. But what better way to repel those Friday 13^th blues than to catch up with the Library news. The volunteers and I have been beavering away creating a new exhibition for the Cathedral, which will run between 23^rd January and 10^th February in the Dean’s Chapel. Entitled ‘Worcester Never Looked Better: Cathedral and Town in the Nineteenth Century’, it will use archive documents and photographs to give a flavour of the vibrancy and personality of the Victorian Cathedral. We’ve come across such an array of fascinating material tucked away in draws, boxes, trunks and cupboards that it’s proving difficult to trim it down for the exhibition. For those who are unable to get to the Cathedral to see the finished product, you will certainly not miss out. Once everything is up and running I will post some of the highlights on the blog, so watch this space!

Today’s date got me thinking how often research comes down to luck, no matter how methodical one thinks one is. In the Library we very often rely on the knowledge or instincts of our volunteers to lead us to the material we need, rather than on the catalogues and databases. Computers have yet to achieve the sort of ‘joined-up thinking’ that people are good at! So we would like to take this opportunity to thank all of our volunteers for the hard work that they put in over the course of last year, which was accomplished with great skill and wit and enthusiasm.

Personally I have a very busy year to look forward to. I will be working towards my Postgraduate Certificate in Heritage Management at the University of Birmingham/Ironbridge Institute, as well as contributing a paper to the International Medieval Congress at Leeds in July. Hopefully I will be able to persuade a few of the medievalists back to Worcester Cathedral Library over the summer! It’s going to be a good year.

A Medieval Mass for Christmas Day and the Carol of the Three Kings

2011-12-16T16:57:00.001Z

There is a festive theme to this week’s Library blog post, which will be the final instalment of the year! The first document I’ve selected relates to the celebration of Christmas Day in the twelfth century. It is a fragment from a missal (or mass-book), which contains part of the third of three masses for Christmas Day along with masses for St Stephen (26^th December) and St John the Evangelist (27^th December). This manuscript would have been very beautiful when it was complete; the colours of the initial letters are still striking today.

The second document is a copy of ‘A Carol of the Three Kings’ from Christmas 1915. W. D. V. Duncombe, who wrote the ‘Three Kings’, sent this charmingly annotated version of his latest work to Ivor Atkins, the organist and choirmaster at Worcester between 1897 and 1950.

Duncombe declares on the first page that ‘The peculiar lumbering gait of the camel is imitated in the rhythm of the music’. The camel theme is further pursued in the subsequent marginal notes, which include references to ‘camels getting tired’, and ‘camels flump themselves down clumsily, sulkily’. So next time you sing ‘We Three Kings’, spare a thought for the plight of those grumpy camels!

Camels

Book of the Week (5th December 2011)

2011-12-05T15:01:00.000Z

MS. F. 173, a Sacramentary of Old Minster, Winchester

This week’s book is of personal interest to your blogger, who has dabbled in the history of the liturgy in late Anglo-Saxon England! MS. F. 173 is a sacramentary, a book containing the words to the various Masses performed throughout the Church year. Sacramentaries were often made for monastic users, and this one is no exception. It was made for the monks of the Old Minster, Winchester, during the first quarter of the eleventh century. We know this because the prayers (‘collects’) appended to two Masses invoke Saints Birinus, Ethelwold, Grimbald and (perhaps most famously) Swithun, all of whom were connected with – and venerated at – Winchester. The book must have been brought to the Cathedral before the Reformation because it is inscribed with the name of Worcester monk, John More.

The image below (folios 3v – 4) includes a special Mass for sailors (‘Missa pro navigantibus’). It seeks God’s protection against adversities and asks that he provides a safe haven for those on board.

Conservation at the Cathedral Library and Book of the Week, 28th November 2011

2011-11-28T14:50:00.000Z

Last Friday saw the return of one of the Library’s copies of John Foxe’s ‘Acts and Monuments’ (popularly known as ‘Foxe’s Book of Martyrs’), earlier taken away for repair. It was decided that the book, which was discovered in a cupboard in something of a parlous state, should be restored and re-shelved. Bookbinder Glenn Bartley was drafted in to replace the missing front board, put in new endpapers and headbands, strengthen the spine and give it a new title label in gold leaf. This book raised an interesting issue about the ‘authenticity’ of modern repairs, because while Glenn deliberately ‘aged’ the tooled title label to match the rest of the spine, he opted not to distress the front cover in order to match the back. Personally I think the book looks great, and it is terrific that it can be seen, used and enjoyed again rather than languishing in a cupboard! Below you can see the new cover, detail from the repaired spine, and Glenn's handiwork on the title label.

Glenn also brought along ten new boxes for our manuscripts. It is important for the preservation of medieval books that they are stored in these bespoke boxes, made from acid-free board, which also help protect the contents from dust and buy us time in the event of fire and flood. The Library runs an ‘Adopt-a-Book’ scheme, so if someone sponsors a manuscript a new box can be made. Lately the Library has been able to press ahead with two conservation projects, thanks to the generosity of a charitable trust and the Friends of the Cathedral. Their donations have enabled Oxford University conservators to carry out minor repairs to a selection of Worcester manuscripts and start the process of conserving a series of medieval and post-medieval monastic registers.

Naturally our Book of Week is the newly-repaired edition of Foxe’s ‘Acts and Monuments’ printed in 1684. John Foxe (1516/7-1587) was a Protestant scholar and minister, acknowledged as one of England’s first literary celebrities. His reputation is chiefly down to his ‘Book of Martyrs’, a history of the Church from the time of John Wycliffe (the first person to translate the Bible into English in the last quarter of the fourteenth century) to the reign of Elizabeth I, and a record of the many Protestant ‘martyrs’ persecuted or put to death under both Henry VIII and Mary I. The first edition was published in 1563. The second edition was in preparation as early as 1566 owing to the success of its predecessor. This appeared in 1570, and was followed by a third edition in 1576 and a fourth in 1583. The real martyr to ‘Acts and Monuments’ was Foxe himself; having spent over twenty years of his life devoted to the book and its various editions, he neglected his own health and eventually died in 1587.

Book of the Week (21st November 2011)

2011-11-21T16:02:00.000Z

The 1875 ‘Mock Festival’ and the Tale of a Drunk Man’s Tail

In addition to its fine medieval manuscript and printed book collection, the Cathedral Library holds around 20,000 archive documents relating to the Dean and Chapter. These documents range from early monastic registers to the latest Chapter minutes. Among the more interesting and unique archives are the ‘scrap books’ which contain newspaper cuttings, poems and other ephemera connected to momentous events in the Cathedral’s history. Today’s ‘Book of the Week’, compiled by the Lay Clerk, James G. Smith, in 1906, is one such example.

Now part of our music library, Smith’s book (A.1.10) records the controversy which arose prior to the 1875 Three Choirs Festival, an annual event organised by the Cathedrals of Gloucester, Hereford and Worcester. Following the extensive restoration of Worcester Cathedral during the 1860s and 70s, Dean Yorke and a number of his Chapter considered that it was no longer appropriate to stage secular music festivals in the nave. This decision caused widespread consternation, both within the Cathedral itself and in the town and surrounding area more generally; the Festival was one of the highlights of the civic calendar. Smith’s scrap book charts the escalation of the argument, including clippings from both the national and local press, and a satirical poem published in Punch magazine. It also includes personal responses to the event, such as the wonderfully acerbic epitaph ‘In Memory of the Worcester Musical Festival, Died September 1875’. Such was the ill-feeling in Worcester that effigies of Dean Yorke and Canon Barry, another vocal opponent of the Three Choirs Festival, were burned on Pitchcroft. Although a Festival was staged in 1875, its programme was limited to sacred works, which critics were quick to dub the ‘Mock Festival’ or the ‘Sham Festival’. Smith’s book even contains a copy of a satirical poster advertising the event (see image below). The ‘Mock Festival’ remains one of the most colourful episodes in the history of the Three Choirs event, and this little scrap book is a fascinating document of contemporary accounts and attitudes.

‘Never before Suspected’: Alongside the cuttings relating to the Mock Festival and the activities of Dean Yorke and Canon Barry, James Smith also included a couple of yarns which neatly reflect the Victorian taste for the absurd. One of them relates the story of a drunken man knocked over by a 60lb dog with a milk-pan attached to its tail. On impact the dog lost both the pan and a portion of its tail. The inebriated man, sore from landing on his backside, noticed the piece of tail lying in the road and assumed that it had once belonged to him. Bemoaning his failure to fully capitalise on his tail before he lost it, the man set off in search of his next drink! One must certainly learn to expect the unexpected in a Cathedral Library archive...

Book of the Week (14th November 2011)

2011-11-14T16:17:00.001Z

When is a book not a book? When it’s a backgammon board! This quirky piece of furniture, enabling games of both chess and backgammon, often goes undetected by those browsing the Library’s shelf of parish church bibles. It was donated (among other books) to the Cathedral from a collection of books originally in St Nicholas’s church in Worcester. Its ecclesiastical provenance reflects the popularity of both games (particularly backgammon) among the clergy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The eighteenth-century poet, Soame Jenyns, wrote that when one visited one’s local clergyman, one might expect to find

“Choice books, safe horses, wholesome liquor,
Billiards, backgammon, and the vicar”.

Canon J. M. Wilson and the Cathedral Library in the Early Twentieth Century

2011-11-07T16:46:00.000Z

One of the most distinguished figures associated with Worcester Cathedral Library is Canon James Maurice Wilson (1836-1931). Wilson was a mathematician, astronomer, historian, theologian, educational reformer and philanthropist (see our ‘Book of the Week’ below); in short, a true Renaissance Man! Wilson read Mathematics at St John’s College, Cambridge and was afterwards appointed Maths and Science master at Rugby School. He remained at Rugby for 20 years before taking up the position of headmaster at Clifton College, Bristol. During this time he composed lectures and treatises on morality and Biblical studies as well as work on geometry and double star formations. He rarely struggled to reconcile scientific knowledge and religion, believing the former to be a revelation of divine power. Indeed, he put up a passionate defence of Darwin’s theory of evolution. In 1890 Wilson resigned his place at Clifton in order to enter the Church, firstly as the vicar of Rochdale, then archdeacon of Manchester, and finally canon of Worcester in 1905. In 1907 he was appointed librarian of the Cathedral, and was reborn as a cataloguer, archivist and medieval scholar. For 17 years Canon Wilson worked tirelessly to clean, classify, and in some cases transcribe and translate, a number of the Library’s manuscripts and documents.

The following photograph is a view of the Cathedral Library in Wilson’s time. It was taken in 1906. If you compare it with the snapshots I took below it you can see that the library has acquired a good many more books and shelves! However, there are also a number of elements which have not changed, including the wheeled ladder which is still kept in the same place today.

Book of the Week (7th November 2011)

2011-11-07T16:32:00.000Z

This week's pictures are taken from Add. MS. 121, a modern illuminated manuscript presented to Canon J. M. Wilson at the time of his retirement from Worcester in 1926 at the age of 89. A thank-you note from Wilson slipped inside the front cover records his delight at the quality of the workmanship.

The book not only commemorated his time in the Cathedral, but also his extensive philanthropic works in the city of Worcester. Wilson and his wife were instrumental in the foundation of the Worcester Infants’ Health Society. They established an ante-natal clinic, paid for a nurse, and provided mothers with clothes for their young children. Between 1906 and 1919 it is estimated that the Society’s work saved the lives of at least 500 children, and that if the rest of the country had followed Worcester’s example, some 400,000 lives would have been saved in total.

Canon Wilson also persuaded the council to give money to his Playgrounds and Open Spaces Society so that Fort Royal Park could be laid out and opened for public use. He enlisted the help of his fellow clergymen to stock the rose garden and decorate the pergola!

Book of the Week (1st November 2011)

2011-11-01T11:02:00.001Z

Illuminations from the Hereford Missal (MS. F. 161) and Wycliffe New Testament (MS. Q. 84)

Having spent last week in the depths of the Ironbridge Gorge, I was unable to share my 'Book of the Week'. To make up for it I have picked out some splendid illuminations from two of our medieval books. The first three images are taken from the Hereford Missal, a fifteenth-century Church service book which was made in the Diocese of Hereford and given to Worcester Cathedral in the seventeenth century. A cheeky 'Hereford Hare' presides over one of the pages of text.

The fourth and fifth images come from a fifteenth-century copy of John Wycliffe's New Testament in English which belonged to Bishop Prideaux of Worcester (1641-60). Gold leaf and crushed precious stones were used to achieve the most vibrant of colours.

Book of the Week (17th October 2011)

2011-10-17T09:46:00.000+01:00

Thomas Morley, Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke Set Downe in Forme of a Dialogue (Second Edition, London, 1608)

Thomas Morley (1557/8 – 1602) was a choir-master, organist, composer and scholar. A pupil of the great Elizabethan composer, William Byrd, Morley is most famous for his madrigals (unaccompanied secular songs). He also composed music for keyboard and broken consort. It has long been suggested – but never quite proven – that he was acquainted with Shakespeare and his circle, and that his work may have been used in some of the Bard’s plays.

Morley was as interested in theory and teaching as composition. In 1597 he published his Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke. The book takes the form of a conversation between a pupil and master, which was a popular contrivance in both the medieval and early modern periods. Such was the interest in this work that a second edition was produced in 1608, from which the following images are taken. In them Morley describes discords and concords, and provides a list of useful chords for compositions of four or more parts.

Book of the Week (10th October 2011)

2011-10-10T10:51:00.001+01:00

MS. Q. 40, GARIOPONTUS’S Passionarus Galeni

Gariopontus was an eleventh-century physician and medical writer from Salerno. He based his most famous work, the Passionarus Galeni, on the writings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen, and the Roman Caelius Aurelianus.

The Worcester copy was written in the twelfth century in either Spain or the south of France. It is not known exactly how it came to England. One theory is that it belonged to Richard the Lionheart's physician, who brought it back after the Third Crusade. Unfortunately, although it makes for a great story, it cannot be substantiated.

The manuscript itself is a user-friendly reference guide, containing descriptions of diseases and their various remedies. It is divided into books, each arranged from head down to foot. This picture shows the contents page of Book VI, which includes sections on headaches, breathing and bladder problems.

Welcome to my blog

2011-10-10T10:48:00.001+01:00

To climb a medieval spiral staircase to work, and to a sit at a desk which looks out through mullioned windows onto a cloister herb garden, are tremendous privileges. As a medieval historian with a particular passion for all things ecclesiastical, I couldn’t have asked for a better place to work than Worcester Cathedral Library. Despite its lofty position, its dark book-lined walls, and its timeless air of scholarly indolence, the library is no ivory tower. The roof-space above the south nave aisle is home to our librarian and archivist, David, a graduate trainee (me!) and a whole host of volunteers who help us with cataloguing and indexing, answering enquiries from family historians and scholars and retrieving information for the archaeologist, stonemasons, bell-ringers and clergy. Its role as a modern archive is just as important as its guardianship of medieval manuscripts.

The aim of this blog is to provide a personal and hopefully entertaining insight into the library, its people and its collections during my time here. Features will include brief articles and comments, ‘Book (or object) of the Week’, and introductions to some of the characters of the library, past and present. So please come back regularly to check for new posts! You can also find out more about the library and its blogger by clicking on the tabs above. Thank you for reading.